From Youth Delinquency to Adult Criminality: Trajectories, Risk Factors, and Escalation

Abstract

This study critically examines the criminal mind by exploring juvenile delinquency, recidivism, and the progression into adult criminal behavior as interconnected issues warranting deeper investigation and targeted improvement. Specifically, it investigates the relationship among family structure, peer associations, and labeling, and analyzes their collective impact on juvenile delinquency and subsequent adult criminal behavior. Drawing on a systematic review of research conducted over the past 30 years, this study synthesizes key findings that illuminate how childhood social environments and interactions with the criminal justice system shape long-term behavioral outcomes. The evidence consistently demonstrates that these factors not only contribute significantly to juvenile offending but also increase the likelihood of continued criminal activity into adulthood. Juvenile delinquency and its progression into adult criminal behavior remain urgent societal concerns with profound individual and collective repercussions. Understanding the underlying factors that contribute to youth criminal behavior has thus become increasingly critical. While numerous influences have been identified, three key determinants—family structure, peer associations, and labeling—emerge as particularly influential in shaping children’s behavioral trajectories and life choices. The objective of this study is not only to synthesize existing literature but also to underscore the urgent need for early intervention and prevention efforts. Furthermore, it aims to provide guidance for policymakers and practitioners designing programs to support at-risk youth. Ultimately, the study advocates for a paradigm shift from punitive approaches toward strategies emphasizing support, reintegration, and rehabilitation, thereby fostering more constructive long-term outcomes for vulnerable young individuals. KEYWORDS: juvenile delinquency, adult criminality, criminal behavior trajectories, risk factors, behavioral escalation, recidivism, life-course criminology, juvenile justice, social influences on crime, family structure and delinquency, peer influence